Bagan: Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Kekuasaan Kehakiman

Berikut bagan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam melaksanakan Kekuasaan Kehakiman:

Petunjuk:

• Untuk memahami Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam melaksanakan Kekuasaan Kehakiman, perhatikan kotak berwarna biru dan warna lain di dalamnya (seluruh kotak berwarna selain warna hitam);
• Pada kotak biru yang tertulis Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara terdapat kotak biru lainnya yang sejajarnya dengannya dan kotak berwarna lainnya yang masih berada dalam posisi sejajar dengannya;
• Pada intinya, pada Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara terdapat ragam sengketa berdasarkan pengaturan khusus hukum acaranya dan terdapat pengadilan khusus di dalam lingkungan Peradilan TUN. Adapun berdasarkan ragam sengketanya, diketahui terdapat Sengketa Umum dan Sengketa Khusus (setidaknya ada 6 macam). Sengketa Khusus pada hakikatnya merupakan Sengketa Umum yang memiliki pengaturan hukum acara yang berbeda, pun objek sengketanya disebutkan secara khusus/khas. Adapun pengadilan khusus di dalam lingkungan Peradilan TUN adalah Pengadilan Pajak;
• Kotak bergaris kuning putus-putus di bawah lingkup kotak biru "Sengketa Khusus" bermakna sengketa sampai dengan upaya hukum Kasasi. Sementara bergaris biru gelap putus-putus bermakna sengketa sampai dengan upaya hukum Banding. Lalu garis biru lurus (tidak putus-putus) terdiri dari dua macam garis yakni garis tegas menunjukkan secara tegas dinyatakan tidak ada upaya hukum apapun atas sengketa tersebut, sementara garis tidak tegas menunjukkan bahwa pencantuman upaya hukum tidak tegas menyatakan keseluruh upaya hukum (terdapat celah upaya hukum luar biasa). Kemudian garis biru putus-putus menunjukkan bahwa belum ada pengaturan lebih lanjut mengenai sengketa tersebut (masih minim aturan).

Kompetensi absolut Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara telah bertambah kian banyak dibandingkan pada saat lahirnya UU 5/1986. Hal ini sebagaimana lahirnya hukum materil dan formil khusus yang diatur dalam sejumlah Undang-Undang dan PERMA. Kompetensi absolut ini pun kian luas sebagaimana lahirnya UU Administrasi Pemerintahan (UU 30/2014).

English:

Title:
"Scheme: Administrative Court in the Duty of Judicial Power in Indonesia)

Explanations of the scheme:

• To understand "Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara" (administrative court in Indonesia) in doing the duty of "Kekuasaan Kehakiman" (judicial power), take a look at blue boxes and another coloring boxes, except the black boxes;
• In short, "Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara" adjudicates several kinds of cases based on the common regulations (categorized as"Sengketa Umum") and the specific regulations for certain cases (categorized as "Sengketa Khusus"), also there is a special court in "Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara" named tax court ("Pengadilan Pajak");
• Well, the phrase of "Peradilan" has different meaning than "Pengadilan". "Peradilan" contains of some "Pengadilan". So, "Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara", means contains of Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara (the first level of court for common (Sengketa Umum) and some special cases (Sengketa Khusus)- judex factie), Pengadilan Tinggi Tata Usaha Negara (the second level of court where in certain cases be the first level one - judex factie), Mahkamah Agung (the third/highest level of court for all type of cases- judex jurisch, known as Supreme Court), and Pengadilan Pajak (the first level of special case (tax) - because it handles the specific cases (tax) and has certain way to judge);
• "Sengketa Khusus" (special cases) is the "Sengketa Umum" (common cases) that has the certain/specific regulations about: 1) the object of the cases (that defined very spesific - example: the case of public information disclosure as regulated in Law 14/2008); and 2) how to do the judgement (example: the period for court to solve problem relatively very short, for a certain case it must be solved maximum in 21 days - while in common cases maximum 5 months);
• In the area of blue box named "Sengketa Khusus", under of it, there are lots of boxes that means all of them are the part of "Sengketa Khusus", and the difference types of line (dotted and straight - straight strong or straight thin) and colours means the last level of court (final and binding) for the case. Here are the instructions of the lines and the colours of them:

1. The yellow dotted line means that the cases can be solved until the cassation (Supreme Court);
2. Next, the dark blue dotted line means the cases can be solved until the second level of court (Pengadilan Tinggi Tata Usaha Negara - named as "Banding" process);
3. Then the straight blue line consist of two types line, which the very straight one (strong) means that there is no other way again - it is finish in the first level of court, while the thin blue one means that the regulation about is not clearly said that the case can't go the next level of judgement;
4. At last, the very thin blue dotted line means that there is a lack of regulation about it. 

• Actually to understand the level of court itself, it suppose to explain in another material related, not here. But well, by this scheme, at least you could know that there are two categories of cases in administrative court in Indonesia (the common cases and the specific cases), also there is a special court in "Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara" itself that is a tax court (Pengadilan Pajak).

In conclusion of the scheme, the absolute competence ("kompetensi absolut" - the area of the power of justice) of "Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara" has been increased drastically rather than the time when the first regulation established (Law 5/1986 -  Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1986), as nowadays there are lots of new regulations for many specific/special/certain cases ("Undang-Undang" and "PERMA - Peraturan Mahkamah Agung"). The absolute competence is also wider than before by the establishment of  Law 30/2014 (Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan).

For foreign learners, if you have questions about Indonesia's administrative court, related to this material, you may comment below. Good luck!